Magnetic tape storage system



Sept. 27,1960 c. H. BURNS, JR., ETAL v 2,954,546

' MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE SYSTEM 16 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 18, 1954 Sept. 27, 1960 c. H. BURNS, JR.. .ETAT 2,954,545

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MAGNETIC TAPE sToRAGE SYSTEM 16 Sheets-Sheet 15 Filed 0G12. 18, 1954 aff Sept. 27, 1960 c. H. BURNS, JR.. ETAL 2,954,546

MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE SYSTEM Filerd Oct. 18, 1954 16 Sheets-Sheet 16 Mir/ffy MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE SYSTEM Cecil H. Burns, Jr., Norwalk, John F. Donan, Reseda, Albert E. Wolfe, Jr., Downey, Donald E. Eckdahl, Palos Verdes Estates, Daniel I. Daugherty, Torrance, Bernard T. Wilson, Los Angeles, and Hrant H. Sarlrissian, Pacific Palisades, Calif., assignors to The National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio, a corporation of Maryland Filed Oct. 18, 1954, Ser. No. 462,752

19 Claims. (Cl. S40-174.1)

The present invention relates to data storage systems, land more particularly to apparatus for enabling magnetic tape to be employed, for example, as an auxiliary memory for a large scale digital computer.

In electronic computational activity, the main memory of a large scale digital computer, such as the magnetic drum, provides sufficient internal storage for the execution of most problems of moderate complexity. However, the drum memory capacity is limited, and for those applications which require exceptionally long programs, or many programs, or large quantities of tabular data some automatic data storage medium external to the computer is necessary. A magnetic tape memory storage system is highly suitable for such auxiliary memories because of the additional large memory area it provides and its flexibility of handling. Thus, in addition to providing greatly expanded memory facilities for the computer with which it is used, it may also serve as a quickly accessible computer repository of tables of empirical and higher functions, computer subroutines, and computer conversion programs; and it is extremely useful as input-output equipment. When a large volume of information or input-output data is to be stored, several magnetic tape storage systems may be connected to a single computer; similarly, additional systems may be added to a computer system as memory' storage requirements increase. Also, since the tape employed in the tape handling system is removable without obliterating or altering information stored on it, a library of information or input-output data may be accumulated for intermittent use in the computer system.

One object of this invention is, therefore, to provide apparatus whereby an extremely large quantity of inform-ation may be magnetically stored on a moving tape.

Another object of this invention is to provide circuitry whereby any desired portion along the length of a magnetic tape can be automatically selected so that information m-ay be recorded thereon or read therefrom.

Another object of this invention is to provide circuitry arrangement for controlling the movement of a magnetic tape so as to enable it to be automatically repositioned, with respect to a magnetic head communicating therewith, from the storage address it is in to any other desired storage address along its length.

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel, reliable circuitry for generating clock pulses in response to timing signals sensed from a moving tape such that the fall of the clock pulse always occurs at the end of the period of the clock pulse signal sensed from the tape, irrespective of the direction of motion of the tape.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus whereby a command, as for example from a computer, to locate a given area on a tape may be instantly registered, thus freeing the computer to perq form other computational processes during the time the area is being located on the tape.

` Another object of the present inventionI is to provide v assists Patented Sept. 27, 1960 apparatus for magnetically 4storing information on a tape medium in such a manner that loss of information because of dust or surface imperfections of the tape medium is minimized.

Other objects of this invention will be pointed out in the following description and claims, and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which disclose, by way of example, the principle of the invention and the best mode which has been contemplated of applying that principle.

In the drawings:

Fig, 1 is a block diagram for explaining the cooperative relation of the various components of the magnetic tape storage system of the present invention.

Fig. 2 shows the details of a section of the magnetic tape showing the flux area divisions.

Fig. 3 shows a table representing the binary-coded decimal code used throughout the invention.

Fig. 4 is a detailed circuit of the clock reading circuits for the present invention.

Fig. 5 is a detailed circuit diagram of theO1 signal generating circuit used in the clock reading circuit.

Fig. 6 is a graph of the waveforms referred to in the clock reading circuit when the magnetic ltape is moving in the forward direction.

Fig. 7 is a graph of the waveforms referred to in the clock reading circuit when the magnetic tape is moving in the reversed direction.

Fig. 8 is a detailed circuit diagram of the linking circuit between the present invention and a source, such as a computer.

Fig. 9 is a diagram of the recording circuit.

Fig. 10 is a diagram of the reading circuit.

Fig. 1l iswa graph of the waveforms referred to in the reading circuit.

Fig. 12 is a table showing the counting cycle of the `digit counter.

Fig. 13 shows the circuitry of the A1 flip-flop.

Fig. 14 is a graph of the waveforms appearing at points on the A1 flip-liop circuitry.

IFig. 15 is a block diagram of the A1, A2, A3, and A4 ip-llops in the digit counter.

Fig. 16 shows the input circuits to the A1, A2, A3, and A4 flip-flops.

Fig. 17 shows diode networks for generating the useful signal outputs of the digit counter iiip-ops.

Fig. 18 presents the schematic circuit for generating the reset signal used in the digit and Word counters.

Fig. 19 is a table of the counting cycle of the word counter.

Fig. 20 is a block diagram of the A5, A6, A7, A8, and A9 flip-ops in the word counter.

Fig. 2l is a schematic diagram of the `input circuitry to the A5, A6, A7, AS, and A9 iiip-ops. A

Fig 22 shows the diode networks used for generating the outputs of the Word counter.

Fig. 23 is a table of the decimal equivalent of the states of the M1, M2, M3, and M4 flip-flops, and B1, B2, B3, and B4 propositions.

Fig. 24 is a detailed diagram of the relay section of the register.

Fig. 25 shows the diode network representing the input to the register.

Fig. 26 shows the diode networks referred to in Fig. 24.

Fig. 27 shows a section of the magnetic tape with the actual digit and word positions indicated thereon.

Fig. 28 shows a section of the magnetic tape with the apparent digit and word positions indicated thereon when the tape is traveling in reverse..

Fig. 29 shows the diode network for generating the gated clock pulses Cs and the inhibiting product Q1.

Fig. 30 shows the networks for generating `the outputs of the register.

Fig. 31 is a block diagram of the K1 flip-flop in the comparator.

Fig. 32 is a schematic diagram of the diode networks representing a portion of the inputs to the K1 p-op.

Fig. 33 is a diagram of the diode network representing the remainder ofthe inputs to the K1 flip-flop in the comparator. i

Fig. 34 is a block diagram of the ip-ops in the tape drive control.

Fig. 35 is a diagram of the circuitry for controlling the two-speed motor in the tape drive control.

Fig. 36 is a detailed circuit of the diode networks which represent the inputs to the flip-flops the tape drive control. l

General description Referring to Fig. l, a general view of the preferred embodiment of thepresent invention is presented. Broadly the preferred embodiment of the present invention performs the following operations: (l) locates any desired portion of a moving tape as identified by address signals received from an outside source; and either (2) records in magnetic form, on the selected portion of the tape, information received from an outside source in electrical pulse form; or (3) reads in electrical pulse form to an outside source the information magnetically stored on the tape.

The magnetic tape storage unit is an auxiliary device which performs the above-mentioned operations in response to commands received from a source, such as a computer. These commands are of three kinds: (l) Search, (2) Record, and (3) Read; and are referred to as operational commands.

The information received from the source, in the present example the computer 100, is recorded on the tape 140 in magnetic form. The tape 140 is composed of a flexible ribbon of plastic material with a coating 141 of magnetic material, such as ferric oxide, deposited on the upper surface thereof. The information is received from the computer 100 in the form of electrical pulses representing binary coded decimal digits. As is well known in the prior art, these binary digits are ones and zeros The binary digits, so received in electrical pulse form, are recorded on the tape 140 in small unit areas of saturated magnetic flux patterns either in one direction or the opposite direction, i.e., a saturated flux unit area in one direction representing a binary one, and a saturated flux unit area inV the opposite direction representing a binary zero The unit areas of magnetic ux above referred to are denedon the magnetic tape transversely by channels and longitudinally byclock pulses.

Referring momentarily to Fig. 2, which is a drawing of a section of the magnetic tape 140 (Fig. l), it may be seen that the tape is transversely divided into ten channels; i.e., clock channels Ca and Cb, and information channels, Chll, ChZa, ChSn, Chla, Chlb,` ChZb, Ch3b, and Chdb. Because of imperfections in the tape magnetic medium andthe inevitable presence of d ust particles, both the information and clock pulses are recorded in duplicate. This affords four effective information channels and one clock channel, each in duplicate, to insure against losses. As previously stated, the unit areas of magnetic flux on the tape are defined longitudinally by clock pulses. 'Ihe magnetic tape isV prepaired by permanently recording on the clock channels, Ca and Cb,`inV duplicate, as the tape moves, a magnetic flux pattern indued in response to electrical square wave signals. Each cycle of this square wave defines e lmt. longitudinal lengthA n the tape, hereinafter Ie: ferred to 'as clock PllSd periods. Clock pnlses are recorded on the tape in groups o f 133 pulses,l each group of clock pulsesl being separated by a blank area 1/2 in length on 'the tapewhere no clock pulses', alle recorded. Thev blank area, together'with the following 133 clock pulses, is known as a block and one block occupies approximately 11/2 inches of length on the tape. The entire length of the tape in the preferred embodiment is thereby divided into 10,000 blocks. Each clock pulse period defines a magnetic iiux area, which represents a binary digit, on each of the eight channels. As previously explained, the channels are in duplicate; therefore, during each clock pulse period, four binary bits of information may be transversely recorded, in duplicate, on four pairs of information channels, i.e., Chla-Chlb, ChZa- ChZb, Ch3aeCh3b, and Ch4a-Ch4b. As is Well known in the prior art, it requires four binary digits to repre- Sent @Single deimal digit in a binary Coded System- In the present invention, since four binary bits of information are recorded during each clock pulse period, each of the said clock pulse periods may define the area for each decimal digit of information recorded on the tape. As shown in Fig. 2, these decimal digit positions are referred to as P0, P1, P2 P3 P4: P5: P61 P7 P8 P9 P10 and Pb, Each block is further divided into twelve sections, hereinafter refered to as words, eleven of the said words being composed of the above twelve decimal digit positions, designated as W0, W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, We? W7, W8, W9, and W10. designated as WS, is made up of the previously referred to blank area of each block (wherein no clock pulses are recorded), and one decimal digit position called Pb.

Since the non-returnftofzero method of storing infor-` mation on the tape is employed, the yrecorded flux pattern on each information channel only changes on successive clock pulse positions when the binary digits of a sequence change from a zero to a one or vice versa.

Nhen using a non-return-to-zero method, it is necessary to provide for the memory flip-flops to always enter into the succeeding word period in a Zero state. *if this were not done, it is possible that the flip-flops would not be in the proper state when they are made effective at the beginning of some word period. This will be explained in more detail later on.

rin'the present invention, the decimal digit position Pb is used for recording this reference Zero on each of the four duplicated information channels. This reference decimal digit position is therefore not available for recording information from the computer, leaving eleven `available decimal digit positions within each word, except Ws. Each block is identified by binary digits representing four decimal digits recorded in decimal digit positions P2, P3, P4, and P5 of its Wu word. These block-identifying signals are hereinafter referred to as the block address, or simply address Both the address and information are recorded on the tape in the excess-three coded decimal system using four binary digits to represent each decimal digit. A con ventional excess 3 coded decimal table is presented in Fig. 3. Since channels Clzlb, ChZb, Cltb, and Chdb are duplicates of channels Chia, ChZa, Clelia, and Chri, both channels of each pair appear at the top of the binary columns in the table. The decimal equivalents of the binary digits recorded in the four channels appear at the left of the table.

In the present system the address and information are recorded on the tape with the least significant decimal digit to the left of the most significant decimal digit. For example, the least significant decimal digit of the address of a block is recorded in the P2 pulse position of word W0, and the following decimal digits are recorded in the P3 pulse position, the P., pulse position, and the P5 pulse position, respectively.

Referring back to Fig. l momentarily, the multiplehead is held stationary near the surface of the moving tape 140, and records the magnetic fiux patterns on the clock and information channels as well as senses the clock and information channels.

Returning to Fig. 2, it is seen that each channelA is separated from its duplicate channel by four ofthe other The twelfth word,

channels, as' for example channels ChIa and Chlb. This further insures against loss of information by minute imperfections or dust particles on the surface of the tape. Each of the live duplicated channels has a pair of pickups in the multiple-head 130. Each of the pairs of heads are connected in series, such as heads 124 and 126 of channels Chla and Chlb, which has a single input-output line 150. The duplicated clock pulse channels Ca and Cb are sensed by heads 125 and 127 connected in series to the single output line 128.

The clock pulses, so sensed, not only define the unit areas on the tape surface, as previously explained, but also synchronize the operation of all the circuits in the magnetic tape storage unit so that the operations of the unit function in accordance with a basic timing logic hereinafter described.

Referring to Fig. 1, the mechanics of motion of the tape 140 will now be described. The two-speed motor 144 is an induction motor consisting of two separate sets of stator windings, one extremity of both windings being connected to a common ground 145. The other extremity of the high-speed winding is fed by line 147, and the other extremity of the low-speed winding is fed by line 146 to the tape drive control i131. The tape drive control 131 consists of Hip-flop circuits and relays controlled by the clock pulses received on line 132 and signals received on lines 133, 181, and 135. The equipment and operation of the tape drive control will be explained in complete detail later on. Either the highspeed or low-speed winding of the motor 144 is energized at all times, causing the capstans 142 and 143 to rotate either at a high or low speed by way of the dual motor shafts 136 and 137 and the two gear boxes 148 and 149. It should be understood that the motor 144 always rotates in one direction only, irrespective of speed; and, therefore, the capstans 142 and 143 always rotate in the same direction, i.e., capstan 142 always rotates clockwise and capstan 143 always rotates counterclockwise. The tape 140 is threaded over the circumferential surface of the capstan 142, on the upper surface of the stationary support 138 and over the circumferential surface of the capstan 143. The two capstans are of non-magnetic metal with the circumferential surfaces highly polished, resulting in little friction between the capstans and the tape. The tape normally remains stationary as the frictional components between the tape and each capstan are opposite and nearly equal, any unbalance being absorbed by the slight friction between the tape and the stationary support 138, which is also of non-magnetic metal with the upper surface polished,

The tape is moved in the forward direction only for recording and reading information onto and from the tape. The forward direction of motion of the tape140 is from right to left as indicated. Remembering that the two capstans are alwaysv rotating and that the tape remains stationary because of the equal `and opposite frictional components of force between each capstan and the tape, a substantial increase in friction between the tape 140 and the rotating capstan143 would cause the tape to move in the forward direction. This is accomplished by pressing the free-rolling rubber surfaced roller 139 against the capstan 143 which almost instantaneously sets the tape in forward motion at the peripheral speed of the capstan. The roller 139 is pressed against the capstan 143 by means of the mechanical link 156 and the electrical solenoid 155 which is energized by line 157 from the tape drive control 131. Thus the capstans are continually rotating and the tape is moved in a forward direction at the peripheral speed of the capstans by energizing the electrical solenoid 155 by line 157 from the tape drive control 131. In searching for a particular block of information, the tape is moved either in the forward or reverse direction at high speed in order to locate the desired block of information in the shortestpossible time. The tape is set in the reverse motion by energizing solenoid 151 by Way of line 158 which, by link 159i, presses the roller 152 against the reverse capstan 142. It should be clear that only one of the solenoids 151 and 155 is energized at a time, depending on whether it is desired to move the tape 140 forward or reverse.

Since the clock pulses C are `generated only when the tape 140 is in motion, provision is made to substitute an auxiliary source of square wave pulses for controlling the tape drive control 131. The auxiliary source of pulses is supplied by the multivibrator 154 which feeds the tape drive control 131 by Way of line 135. 'Ihe multivibrator 154 emits an electrical square wave continuously, but it should be understood that this wave is in no way synchronized with the basic timing of the clock pulses which are used throughout the system during either recording, searching, or reading.

Upon receipt of an operation command to read or rec1ord, which is transmitted from the computer on line 106, the register 116 receives the comm-and on line 119, and the R link 115 receives the command on line 118. The register 116 signals the t-ape drive control 131 by line 181. The tape drive control 131, in response to the signal from the register 116, starts the tape 140 moving in the forward direction at slow speed. In response to a record operational command, the R link 115 connects the recorder 122 to the input lines from the cornputer symbolically represented as line 107. In response to a read operational command, the link connects the reader 112 to the same input lines 107 from the computer.

When beginning with a blank tape, it is rst necessary to record the clock pulses -in duplicate on the clock channels Ca and Cb. To accomplish this, use is made of the gear 720. The gear 720 is of low reluctance soft iron and is approximately five inches in diameter. One hundred and thirty-three evenly spaced teeth are cut on twothirds of the periphery of the gear, the other one-third of the periphery being left blank. The gear 720 is mounted on the upper extremity of shaft 731 entering the gear box 148 so that the gear 72@ rotates at the same speed as the capstans 142 and 143. The two equal sized capstans 142 and 143 are of a diameter such that when the tape is in motion, one complete revolution of the gear 720` will represent approximately one and one-half inches of travel of the tape 140. A permanent magnet magnetic head 721 is permanently mounted near the peripheral `surface of the gear 720 so that the change in reluctance of the path between the peripheral surface of thegear (due to the gear teeth) and the magnetic head 721 generates an electrical signal in the output line 722 of the head 721. The switch 723, which is normally in the position shown for all other operations of the magnetic tape storage system, is thrown connecting line 722 to line 730. Thus the pulses generated by the gear 720 in the head 721 are received by the clock reader 142:1 where they are amplified, phase inverted, clipped, and finally caused to trigger a ilip-flop C1 included in the clock reader 142a. The true and false outputs of the C1 ip-ilop within the reader 142a are fed by line 191 tothe recorder 122. The signals received by the recorder 122 form the input to clock record tubes 746 and 747 (Fig. 4), the outputs of which are transmitted to the clock heads (12S and 127 of Fig. 2) of the multiplehead 130.

When beginning with a tape lwhich contains only the magnetically recorded clock pulse channels, it is sometimes desirable to record first the block address in the tirst word W0 of each of the blocks along the entire length of the tape, then at a later time record the information in the remaining words Wl-Wlo of each of the blocks. At other times it is desirable to record first the information of each block on the entire length of the tape and then later on record the assigned addresses. Still again it may be desirable to record both the address and the information in each block on the tape during the same operation. In reading information from the tape, it is Vdesirable to be able to similarly limit the information read from the tape to the computer. Immediately following the operational command to read or record, the computer 100 sends instructions to the register 1.16 by line 105 to record or read (1) the address only, (2) the information only, or (3) the address and CVSinformation. The register 116 permanently stores these instructions in storage relays.

As soon yas the decimal digit position P1, of word WS (Fig. 2) reaches the multiple-head 130, clock pulses are sensed and received by the clock reader 142e: by way of line 12S. VThe ampliiied Iand squared clock pulses are applied to the word and digit counters 108 and 109, respectively, by line 102. An inhibiting signal Q1, which is generated from the outputs of the word and digit counters and the instructions stored in the register 116, is fed to the recorder 122 by line 120. This signal limits the information recorded onto the tape 140` in accordance with the instructions stored in the -register 116. The clock pulses C, received by the register 116 are gated in accordance with the instructions, Iand these gated clock pulses Cs are returned to the computer on line 104. For example, if the instructions from the computer stored in the register are address only, the gated clock pulses Cs will be received by the computer during the W word time only (Fig. 2). If the stored instructions in the register are information only, the gated clock pulses Cs are sent to the computer during Word times W1 to W10. If the instructions are for address and information, clock pulses sent to the computer `are uninhibited and Cs is equal to C.

The decimal digits to be recorded, which, as previously explained, are composed of four binary digits each, are serially sent from the computer 100 on -four separate conductors, schematically represented as line 107, from the outputs of storage nip-flops in the computer which are triggered yby the gated clock pulses CS.

The four input lines (represented as line 107) are connected to four conductors to the recorder 122 by the R link 115. As previously mentioned, in order to prevent a series of binary ones or zeros from being recorded during the time that the gated clock pulses Cs are not present lon the inputs to the storage flip-Hops in the computer, the inhibiting signal Q1, received by the recorder 122 from the register on line 120, limits the operation of the recorder to the times while the gated clock pulses CS are generated.

The output 123 of the recorder 122 is `fed to the multiple-head v130 which records on the tap 140 the four binary digits of each decimal digit in duplicate on eight information channels of the tape. In this manner information is recorded on the tape in synchronism with the basic timing of the magnetic tape storage urlit as determined by the clock pulses C generated by the previous recording on the tape, and in accordance with the instructions from the computer stored in the register.

In reading information `from the tape 140, the four binary signals of each decimal digit recorded on the tape are simultaneously sensed by the multiple-head 130 and transmitted in-electrical'form on four separate conductors, schematically represented as line 129 in Fig. 1, to the reader 112. These binary signals ,are combined in logical networks within the reader 112 with the clock pulses C to form the inputs of four memory flip-flops M1, M2, M3, and M4 in the reader. The'true outputs of these M ilipflops, which represent the fou-r binary digits of each decimal digit read from the tape synchronized with the clock pulses C, are sent to the computer 100, by way of the R link 115, on four separate conductors, schematically represented as line 107. In the computer 100 these binary signals are combine-d with the gated clock pulses Cs, and the combined signals 'trigger the storage ip-ilops (not shown) within the computer. The output of these ilipflops within the computer'represents the information read from the tape in the magnetic-tape storage unit in conformity to the instructions previously sent by the computer and stored in the register 116.

If it is desired to search for :a particular block previously recorded on the tape, the Search operational command is transmitted in electrical signal formV from the computer to the register 116 by lines `106 and 119. The register 116 then signals the tape drive control 1311 by line 181 to start the tape moving at high speed in the forward direction.

Immediately following the search operational 4cornrnand, the computer sends the address of the lblock desired to the register 116, in the form of 16 electrical signals representing binary digits, simultaneously on 16 separate conductors represented `by line 105. Upon receipt of theV 16 binary digits, each 4four of which represent a decimal digit of the address, the register permanently stores' the address of the block desired in a groupV of 16 storage relays. Once the address is stored in the register 116, .the computer 100 is free to perform other functions, and the magnetic tape storage system independently car-ries out the remainder of the block Search routine.

The address of each block recorded on the tape ,is composed 'of four decimal digits in decimal digit positions P2, P3, P4, and P5 of -word W0 (the second word of each block, the iirst Word being the blank area Ws). Each of these decimal digits is composed of four binary digits transversely in line with a single clock pulse which denes the decimal digit (Fig. 2). The addresses are usually recorded in unit .arithmetical progression; that is, progressing ron :the tape from jleft to right, the address of each succeeding block is one decimal unit higher. Startingwith the rst block address .of Ydecimal number 0000 at the extreme left end of the tape, the last block address will be the decimal number 9999 `at the other extremity of the tape. The length `of the .tape therefore Awill have a -total of 10,000 blocks.

When the multiple-head reaches `the decim-al digit position Pbvof word Ws of the iirst block (Fig. 2), clock pulses are sensed. These clock pulses are sent to the word and digit counters 10S and 109 by line 102.

In order to enable the components of the Vmagnetic tape storage unit to respond properly to Veach of the decimal digits within a word, the digit counter 109 is provided for counting each clock pulse C read from .the tape. The digit counter has a capacity of l2 clock pulse counts; namely, P0 to P10 and P1, (Fig. 2). A carry pulse, generated each ltime the -digit counter counts the Pb digit, is sent to the word counter 108 by line 111, and causes the word counter 108 to manifest a new count. The word .counter 108 has a capacity for counting 12 words; namely, Ws and W0 to W10, inclusive (Fig. 2).

With the aid to the outputs of the digit and word counters, the register 116 steps out the decimal digits of the address stored in the register in synchronism with the decimal digits of the addresses read from the tape. The .decimal digits stepped out`of the register 116 are transmitted to the comparator 114 on eight separate .conductors represented as line 164 in the iigure. The decimal digits of the addresses read fromrthe tape are sent to the comparator 1-14 on feight separate conductors from the reader 112.

As was previously mentioned, when the searc operational command was received from the computer, the tape was started in the forward direction at high speed. The comparator 114 compares digit for digit the addresses read from the tape with that stored in the register until an address on the tape is equal to or greater than that in the register,at whch time a signal is sent to the tape drive control 131 by line 13'3 from the comparator 114. J1n response to this signal, the tape drive control 131 deenergizes the solenoid and energizes solenoid 151 -by line 158. Since the motor .144 was not affected,'the tape 140 is immediately moved -in thereverse direction V(left to right) at V.high speed.

4As -willbebrought yout later in complete detail, -both 

